How Does Cannabis Affect on Breastfeeding?

Cannabis has psychoactive and therapeutic properties, making it appealing to many people who want to manage their stress, anxiety, or chronic pain. For many women who are breastfeeding, the question is, “Can I safely use cannabis and enjoy the same benefits without harming my child?”

Current research indicates that while cannabis may be beneficial for adults, there is very little research on how it may impact infants. Therefore, caution is highly recommended for all new mothers who are considering using cannabis.

The article will review what we currently know about cannabis and breastfeeding based on current research, how THC enters into breast milk, the risks associated with babies being exposed to THC through breast milk, and safer alternatives.

Effects of Cannabis on the Mother When She is Nursing

When a mother uses cannabis, THC (the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis) and CBD (a non-psychoactive compound) pass into her bloodstream. Since THC is fat soluble, it accumulates in fatty tissues and is slowly released into her bloodstream.

Important Facts:

THC is transferred into breast milk immediately upon ingestion.
THC remains detectable in breast milk for anywhere from days to weeks after use, depending on how frequently she uses cannabis.
Infants metabolize THC at a slower rate than adult humans.

Therefore, even infrequent cannabis use may result in small, frequent doses of THC being delivered to the infant.

Possible Negative Effects on the Infant When Exposed to THC Through Breast Milk

There is limited research regarding the negative effects of THC on the developing infant. However, research that exists links THC exposure to the following negative effects:

Delayed Motor Development: Some studies link THC exposure to delayed motor skills and coordination in infants.
Sedation/ Altered Sleep Patterns: Infants may experience excessive or inadequate sleep.
Difficulty Feeding: Cannabis may negatively impact an infant’s ability to properly attach to the nipple/breast.
Brain Development Impact: The infant brain is rapidly developing; THC may interact with the developing neural pathways.

Due to the fact that long-term effects of THC on the developing brain are unknown, most health professionals are taking a cautious approach.

Risks Associated With the Mother’s Use of Cannabis While Breastfeeding

In addition to the potential negative effects of THC on the developing infant, marijuana may also negatively affect the nursing mother, thereby indirectly affecting her ability to care for her child.

Negative Effects of Cannabis Use On the Mother:

Impaired Judgment / Coordination: Marijuana use may impair a mother’s ability to care for her child.
Decrease Milk Production: Studies show that THC may decrease prolactin levels – the hormone responsible for milk production.
Fatigue: Marijuana use in combination with sleep deprivation may increase a mother’s fatigue.

Both of these factors increase the likelihood of caregiver error or neglect.

Recommendations From Health Organizations

All major health organizations agree that due to the unknown risks of long-term THC exposure to the developing infant, it is best to avoid cannabis altogether during breastfeeding.

Recommendations from Experts:

NHS (UK): Recommends against using cannabis while breastfeeding.
CDC (US): Cites that THC is present in breast milk and could potentially impact the development of the infant.
WHO: Suggests that individuals should completely abstain from using cannabis throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding.

While research is ongoing, the safest option is complete abstinence from cannabis while breastfeeding.

What About CBD? Is CBD Safe To Use During Breastfeeding?

CBD is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid found in cannabis, but like THC, CBD is not without its own set of issues related to its safety when used while breastfeeding.

Issues Concerning CBD and Breastfeeding:

Lack of Long-Term Data
Presence of Contaminants in CBD Products That Are Not Regulated
Interactions Between CBD and Prescription Medications
Most health professionals recommend avoiding CBD until additional data is available.

Strategies for Reducing Harms If a Mother Chooses to Continue Using Cannabis

Some breastfeeding mothers may feel pressure to continue using cannabis, despite professional recommendations to avoid it. In cases where a mother chooses to continue using cannabis, reducing harms is crucial.

Harm Reduction Strategies for Mothers Who Will Continue to Use Cannabis:

Choose Non-Smoking Methods to Minimize Exposure to Secondhand Smoke.
Use the Lowest Effective Dose of Cannabis.
Avoid High Concentrates of THC.
Wait As Long As Possible After Consuming Cannabis Before Nursing.
Do Not Co-Sleep After Using Cannabis Due to Increased Risk of Suffocation.
Consult With Healthcare Providers Regarding Personalized Advice.
Although these strategies minimize risks, they do not eliminate them.

Alternative Options for Managing Stress, Pain, Or Anxiety While Breastfeeding

Rather than using cannabis, breastfeeding mothers may find alternative options for managing their stress, pain, or anxiety.

Alternative Options for Managing Stress/Pain/Anxiety:

Apply Warm Compresses And Enjoy Herbal Teas.
Engage in Gentle Exercise/Yoga.
Practice Meditation/Breathing Exercises.
Use Over-The-Counter Pain Relievers Approved By a Doctor.
Participate in Therapy/Self-Help Groups for Postpartum Depression/Stress.

Many of these alternatives are both safe and effective for many breastfeeding mothers.

Final Thoughts

Is Cannabis Safe to Use During Breastfeeding?

Current research indicates that cannabis, specifically THC, can be absorbed into breast milk and may negatively impact the infant’s development. Most major health organizations agree that it is best for breastfeeding mothers to avoid using cannabis altogether. Although many breastfeeding mothers may choose to continue using cannabis, it is essential to understand the risks and practice harm reduction to protect your infant’s health.

Find more news and insights on cannabis in our cannabis news blog.